-IBIS-1.7.6-
tx
reproductive system
Contraception
Integrative Therapies
Home Care
Birth control is the prevention of pregnancy by either permanent or temporary means. There is no totally foolproof method of birth control, but many of the methods are highly successful. Often, two or more birth control methods should be combined to ensure the best protection against unwanted pregnancy.
Most birth control methods require having a physical exam and obtaining instruction from a physician. Some methods, like the IUD, Norplant, and sterilization, require a surgical procedure. Condoms, spermicides, the rhythm method, and the contraceptive sponge do not require medical supervision. Whatever method you use, it is impor-tant to read about it, to thoroughly understand how to use it, and then to use it every time you have sexual intercourse. Most failures with birth control involve improper usage.
BIRTH CONTROL PILLS
Birth control pills are synthetic female hormones that work in the body the same way natural female hormones work during pregnancy. With birth control pills, the development of an egg for fertilization does not occur. Also, the lining and mucus of the cervix become inhospitable to sperm.
Although birth control pills are highly effective in preventing pregnancy, many times these are
not recommended because of their side effects. Blood clots, heart attacks, tumors, high blood pressure, migraine headaches, increased premenstrual symptoms, and vaginal and yeast infections can be associated with the use of birth control pills. Women who have used birth control pills for more than three to five years, women who smoke, and women over 35 years of age are particularly vulnerable to these harmful effects.
CONDOMS
A condom is a sheath usually made of thin latex rubber designed to fit over an erect penis. Condoms prevent pregnancy by keeping semen and sperm from entering the vagina. They are best used in conjunction with a spermicide used by the woman. This combination is highly effective. Condoms also offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV and gonorrhea. However, so-called lambskin condoms can be less effective, and they do not offer adequate protection against these diseases.
CERVICAL CAP
The cervical cap is a small rubber suction device that fits firmly over the cervix. The cap's purpose is to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. A small amount of spermicide is used to keep the cap in place and to inactivate any sperm that may get past it. The cervical cap is very effective when used properly. However, it does not help in preventing sexually transmitted diseases.
DIAPHRAGM
The diaphragm is a bowl-shaped rubber device with a flexible spring rim. It is easily inserted into the vagina where it covers the cervix. The diaphragm blocks the entry of sperm into the uterus. It is used with a spermicide for additional protection. It is a very effective birth control method when used carefully; however, it does not offer protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Diaphragms come in different sizes and are fitted by a physician.
Vaginal irritations and bladder infections may worsen with the use of diaphragms. Women with health problems related to the vagina or bladder may want to consider using other birth control methods.
IUD (intrauterine device)
An IUD is a small piece of flexible plastic that is placed in the uterus by a physician. The IUD works because pregnancy usually will not occur when there is a foreign object in the uterus. Although it is extremely successful in preventing pregnancy, it can also be extremely hard on the body. An IUD may cause infection, excessive cramping, and bleeding during menstruation, and it may lengthen the time of the menstrual flow. In certain cases, the IUD may puncture the uterus, cause infections, and worsen some illnesses. IUDs, in particular, should not be used by women with endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic and vaginal infections, heart disease, or fibroids.
SPERMICIDES
Spermicides are chemicals that come in the form of creams, jellies, foams, and suppositories that are put into the vagina. During intercourse, the spermicide works to kill sperm or keep it from functioning properly. They should always be used with a condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap. Spermicides may irritate the genitals or contribute to a urinary tract infection. If you are having problems, switch to a different brand of spermicide or consider an alternate method of birth control.
NATURAL BIRTH CONTROL/FERTILITY AWARENESS
Natural birth control involves becoming aware of the times when the female partner can become pregnant. Then, during the time of the woman's fertility (approximately four to six days per month), penis to vagina contact is completely avoided, or an additional birth control method is used.
Natural birth control is based on daily observations of mucus secretions, small cyclic changes in body temperature, and other indicators of fertility. This mode of birth control works best for those in an ongoing relationship with a supportive and conscientious partner.
NORPLANT
Norplant is a hormone that is surgically inserted under the skin. The hormone is stored in tiny matchstick-sized silicon capsules and released daily into the bloodstream over the course of five years. The hormone in Norplant changes the cervix, creating an unsuitable environment for the sperm. Adverse effects associated with Norplant include menstrual irregularities, headaches, depression, and extreme weight changes. Because it is a relatively new method, good information on the long-term effects of Norplant is just emerging. It should, therefore, not be used by nursing mothers and should only be used with close monitoring by a physician.
CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE
The contraceptive sponge is an absorbent synthetic sponge that fits in the back of the vagina over the cervix. It contains a strong dose of spermicide to kill or make the sperm ineffective. The sponge should be used in conjunction with the male partner's use of a condom. It is most effective for women who have never been pregnant. The sponge may cause skin irritation and allergic reactions. Toxic shock syndrome has also been associated with its use.
STERILIZATION
Sterilization is a surgical procedure that is almost 100 percent effective at permanently preventing pregnancy. It is a common form of birth control in the United States. Tubal ligation is the sterilization procedure for women. During the operation, the fallopian tubes are cut or blocked off so that the egg cannot be fertilized and is reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Adverse effects of tubal ligation may include increased bleeding and pain during menstruation. While not common, surgical complications are also a possibility.
A vasectomy is the sterilization procedure for men. It can be done as a simple surgery in the doctor's office. During a vasectomy, the tubes that carry sperm to the penis are cut and tied. Ejaculation is not affected.
Clinic
Footnotes
BarShalom R, Soileau J. (eds.) Natural Health Hotline. Beaverton, OR: Integrative Medical Arts, 1991-1999.