-IBIS-1.5.0-
tx
reproductive system
prostatitis
acupuncture

patterns and combinations

after assessing the person and palpating, consider these patterns:
Kidney Xu (Deficiency); Kidney Yin Xu (Deficiency) with Empty Fire Blazing; Kidney Failing to Grasp the Qi; Bladder Damp-Heat; Liver Qi Stagnation; Xue Yu (Blood Stasis); Liver and Gall Bladder Invaded by Damp-Heat; Spleen Xu (Deficiency); Shi (Excess) of the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); Shi (Excess) of the Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel); Shi (Excess) of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel)

» therapeutic note: the differentiation of acute vs. chronic prostatitis is essential to proper treatment and should be fairly obvious from the presentation

» illustrative combinations:
• UB-23, UB-28, CV-4 and Sp-6 for prostatitis (Shanghai, p. 649; Lee and Cheung, p. 271)
• St-29, zi gong, CV-4, Kd-9 and Sp-6 for prostatitis (Shanghai, p. 650; Lee and Cheung, p. 272)
• CV-6, Sp-10, Sp-9, Sp-6, Kd-3 and Kd-6 (strong stimulation) for acute prostatitis (Shanghai, p. 650; Lee and Cheung, p. 272)
• GV-2, CV-3, GV-20, Kd-12 and Sp-6 (mild stimulation and warm needle technique) for chronic prostatitis (Shanghai, p. 650; Lee and Cheung, p. 272)
• SI-3 after UB-62: cause release of ACTH and sex hormones (Finkelstein, p. 34)
• UB-62 and SI-3: open the Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel) which transports Yang and for which male genitourinary conditions are a Shi (Excess) symptom
• Lu-7 and Kd-6: open the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) for which male genitourinary conditions are a Shi (Excess) symptom
• Sp-4 and PC-6: open the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) for which prostatitis is a symptom of Shi (Excess)
• LI-11 and Sp-6: remove Obstruction of the channels and Xue Yu (Blood Stasis) and treat inflammation anywhere in body as this locus improves immune response (Finkelstein, p. 9)
• CV-3 and Sp-6: regulate the Qi function of the Lower Warmer and the function of the genital organs - Sp-6 sends Qi up; CV-3 sends it deep (Finkelstein, p. 84)


point analysis

»
palpate and consider:
GV-20 (+ with warm needle): pacifies the Shen and stabilizes the Will; cools the body (D) (Finkelstein, p. 81); regulates and tonifies the Qi (D); adjusts Qi of the Du Mai (Governing Vessel); elevates the Clear Qi; spreads Liver Qi; stimulates the pineal; Sea of Marrow point; Jiao Hui Intersecting point of the six Yang channels and the Du Mai (Governing Vessel)
• GV-14 (-): cools and drains Heat; reduces fever; stimulates the immune system, increases white blood cell count, and prevents or slows inflammation; clears the Shen, calms the Soul, and pacifies the Will; regulates and stimulates the flow of Qi; regulates the Xue (Blood); primarily for treatment of acute prostatitis with fever; Jiao Hui Intersecting point of the Yang channels on the Du Mai (Governing Vessel)
GV-4 (+): pacifies the Shen; strengthens the Kidney; benefits and replenishes the Kidney Yang; nourishes the Yuan (Original) Qi; benefits the low back; reinforces and astringes the Jing (Essence); distributes Zhong (Ancestral) Qi and Yang to the pelvis to mobilize the Yin of the pelvis; stimulates adrenals and testes (Finkelstein, p. 77); frees the channels and invigorates the collateral vessels; "Gate of Life Fire"
• GV-2 (+): dissipates Wind and Dampness; strengthens and invigorates the function of the lumbar spine; clears the channels and invigorates the collateral vessels
GV-1 (=): pacifies the Shen; clears Heat; opens the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) and Du Mai (Governing Vessel); cools Heat in the Xue (Blood); disperses swelling and stops pain; astringes the Jing (Essence); strengthens the lower back; Entry point of the Du Mai (Governing Vessel); Luo Connecting point of the Du Mai (Governing Vessel) with the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel)
• GB-20 (-): reduces and relieves Heat; awakens the Shen and clears the Brain; calms and regulates the Liver; harmonizes Qi and Xue (Blood); frees the channels and invigorates the collateral vessels; Jiao Hui Intersecting point of Yang Wei Mai (Yang Linking Vessel) and Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel) channels on the Foot Xiao Yang (Gall Bladder) channel
UB-38/43 (+): regulates the Shen; strengthens Xu (Deficiency) conditions; treats all chronic disease; clears Empty Heat; supplements the Lung and fortifies the Spleen; tonifies Heart Qi; releases unresolved emotions; strengthens the Xue (Blood); tonifies the Kidney and warms the Yang; restores Yuan (Original) Qi; treats genital organ diseases (Finkelstein, p. 47); Pericardium psychospiritual associated point
UB-18 (-): pacifies the Shen; clears and drains the Liver and Gall Bladder; clears Liver Fire and Heat; cools and transforms Damp-Heat, esp. in the Lower Warmer; moves Stagnant Qi; strengthens Xu (Deficiency) conditions; nourishes and regulates the Xue (Blood); nourishes Liver Yin; cools Heat in the Xue (Blood); Liver Shu Associated point
• UB-19 (-): regulates the Qi and calms the emotions; clears, cools and drains Heat from the Liver and Gall Bladder; brightens the eyes; nourishes Xue (Blood); transforms Damp-Heat; expands the diaphragm and opens the chest; calms and harmonizes the Stomach; expels parasites; softens hard masses; Gall Bladder Shu Associated point
• UB-20 (+): tonifies the Spleen and benefits the Ying (Constructive) Qi; enhances Spleen Yang to mobilize Stagnant Qi; tonifies and harmonizes the Xue (Blood); drains Heat Shi (Excess) from the Middle Warmer; resolves Dampness; Spleen Shu Associated point
UB-23 (+): tonifies and adjusts the Kidney; nourishes Yin, Xue (Blood) and Kidney Jing (Essence); strengthens Kidney function of reception of Qi; spreads and clears Obstructed Kidney Qi; strengthens Yang and Qi Hai; counterbalances Liver Fire; drains Heat from the Lower Warmer; resolves Dampness; regulates fluid system, volatilizes the Bladder, and promotes diuresis; strengthens the lower back; Kidney Shu Associated point
UB-47/52 (+): strengthens the Will power; tonifies Kidney Qi, Kidney Yang, Kidney Yin, Jing (Essence) and Yuan (Original) Qi; stabilizes Kidney Qi; spreads and clears Obstructed Kidney Qi; influences the pituitary, adrenals and testes (Worsley, 1975, p. B-20); regulates and facilitates the Water Pathways; eases urination; affects the genitals; resolves Dampness; strengthens the lower back (-, then +); esp. used in treatment of urogenital problems (EAMSS, p. 245); Kidney psychospiritual associated point
• UB-49/54 (-): resolves Damp-Heat; strengthens the lower back; Large Intestine psychospiritual associated point
UB-28 (=): regulates the Bladder; dispels Wind-Damp; promotes Diuresis; regulates the Water Pathways and tonifies the Bladder; promotes diuresis; "disperses Qi, clears blockages, and facilitates functioning of the Lower Warmer to help perspiration and drainage" (Finkelstein, p. 46); clears Heat from Lower Warmer; reinforces Yuan (Original) Qi; benefits the low back; Bladder Shu Associated point
UB-31 to UB-34 (-): brings Yang into the pelvic region, thereby mobilizing pelvic Yin; regulates the Lower Warmer; promotes urination; transforms Damp-Heat; consolidates the Jing (Essence); invigorates the Xue (Blood); opens the pelvis and disperses Lower Warmer Stagnation; strengthens the lower back
• UB-54/40 (-): clears Heat from the Xue (Blood) to cool fever; transforms Damp-Heat; benefits Kidney Qi and regulates Bladder; treats genital pain; benefits the lower back; Bladder He Sea Uniting and Earth point; command point of the back
• UB-57 (-): clears Heat; regulates Qi in the Yang organs; transforms Damp-Heat; moves Stagnancy in the Lower Warmer; strengthens the lower back
• UB-1 (=): controls the pituitary gland and its secretions via the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system; opens the channels and invigorates circulation; Bladder Entry point; Polarization point of the Yin and Yang Qiao Mai (Motility Vessels); site where the Yin and Yang change into their opposite and where the Yin and Yang Qiao separate, according to chapter 17 of the the Nei Jing (Finkelstein, p. 37)
• TW-5 (-): clears Heat, esp. alternating chills; regulates the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel); normalizes excess of gonadotropins (Finkelstein, p. 62); transforms Phlegm and disperses goiter; dissolves Toxins; tonifies Wei (Protective) Qi; frees the channels to facilitate the circulation of Qi in the channels; alleviates pain; Triple Warmer Luo Connecting point; Master point of the Yang Wei Mai (Yang Linking Vessel); Couple point of the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel)
PC-6 (=): clears Heat; pacifies the Shen and tranquilizes the Heart; regulates the Qi; harmonizes, regulates and spreads the Qi in the Upper and Middle Warmers; regulates Liver Qi and relieves Liver Qi Stagnation; regulates the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel); enhances purification and dispersement of the Triple Warmer; relieves pain; palpation: major Spleen reflex point (Matsumoto); Pericardium Luo Connecting point; Master point of the Yin Wei Mai (Yin Linking Vessel); Couple point of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel)
• LI-11 (-): clears Heat; regulates and harmonizes Qi and Ying; cools and harmonizes the Xue (Blood); improves immune function (Finkelstein, p. 9); tonifies Metal to cool inflammatory processes and restrain Wood, esp. the Liver; eliminates Dampness through the Intestines; Large Intestine Upper He Sea Uniting, Earth and Tonification point; Master point of Heat in the body (Finkelstein, p. 9)
• LI-4 (-): reduces fever; pacifies the Shen; regulates Qi and Xue (Blood); activates Wei (Protective) Qi and stimulates the immune system; induces or stabilizes sweating; tonifies Metal to cool inflammatory processes and restrain Wood, esp. the Liver; elevates Clear Qi and descends Turbid Qi; clears Toxins; eliminates Damp-Heat; sedates pain; frees the channels and invigorates the collateral vessels; Large Intestine Yuan Source and Entry point
Lu-7 (-): circulates the Wei (Protective) Qi; opens and regulates the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); regulates the Yin Qiao Mai (Yin Motility Vessel); effects release of sexual hormones; promotes diuresis by descending the Turbid; Lung Luo Connecting and Exit point; Master point of the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); Couple point of the Yin Qiao Mai (Yin Motility Vessel)
SI-3 (-): consolidates the Surface and stops sweating (-); induces sweating (+); pacifies the Shen and clears the Mind; opens the Du Mai (Governing Vessel) and regulates the Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel); treats pituitary imbalance, using location reactive to palpation, often ca. SI-3.5 (Matsumoto); dispels Dampness and Internal Heat; strengthens the spine; invigorates the channels; Small Intestine Wood and Tonification point; Master point of the Du Mai (Governing Vessel); Couple point of the Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel)
• CV-7 (+): warms and supplements Kidney Yang; regulates (D) and clears Obstruction from (-) the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); controls Xue (Blood) in the Lower Warmer; stimulates testes and all sex hormones (Finkelstein, p. 87); palpation: acts as an abdominal reflection of Sp-6, which is also named "yin crossing"; also hardness to palpation indicates Kidney Xu (Deficiency) (Matsumoto); Mu Alarm point of the Lower Warmer
CV-6 ( - or +; possible D): strengthens, regulates and moves the Qi, esp. in the Lower Warmer; influences the pituitary, thyroid and adrenals (Worsley, 1975, p. B-20); reduces Fire of Liver and Gall Bladder; cools Heat in the Xue (Blood); captures the Xue (Blood) and stops bleeding (+); regulates Qi of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); tonifies the Kidney; regulates and tonifies Yuan (Original) Qi; nourishes and invigorates Kidney Yang; warms Ming Men (Life Gate Fire) (esp. with D); reinforces the Jing (Essence); preserves sexual fluids (Finkelstein, p. 86); benefits the spine; regulates Water Pathways and dispels Dampness; usually disperse with Shi (Excess), tonify with Xu (Deficiency), unless there is hematuria, then tonification will assist in stopping the bleeding; Dan Tien (Elixir of Long Life), with CV-5
CV-4 (+): pacifies the Shen; grounds the Shen when there is Empty-Heat (Maciocia, p. 207); regulates the Qi and benefits Yuan (Original) Qi; nourishes Xue (Blood) and Yin; tonifies the Middle Warmer and strengthens the Spleen; regulates and reinforces the Qi of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); separates the Clear and the Turbid; strengthens the function of astringing the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel) and restraining the Xue (Blood), e.g., hematuria; nourishes and stabilizes the Kidney; strengthens and replenishes the Kidney Qi; influences testes (Worsley, 1975, p. B-20); resolves Damp-Heat; regulates the Bladder; facilitates diuresis; Small Intestine Mu Alarm point
CV-3 (+): assists the transforming functions of Qi; alleviates Damp-Heat, esp. in the Bladder; tonifies the Kidney Qi and Yang; stimulates testes and pancreas (Worsley, 1975, p. B-20); tonifies sexual function; regulates the Bladder, Lower Warmer and the Water Pathways; promotes urination; removes Xue Yu (Blood Stasis) in the Lower Warmer; relieves pain; Bladder Mu Alarm point; Jiao Hui Intersecting point of the Foot Tai Yin (Spleen), Foot Jue Yin (Liver) and Foot Xiao Yin (Kidney) channels on the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel)
CV-2 (+): stimulates internal secretions (Finkelstein, p. 84); warms the Yang and reinforces the Kidney; regulates the prostate and Lower Warmer; mobilizes the Bladder and regulates urination
CV-1 (=): pacifies the Shen; tonifies and regulates Qi; regulates the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); clears Heat and transforms Dampness; strengthens the lumbus and boosts the Kidney (Ellis, et al, 1988, p. 347); secures the Jing (Essence); Entry point of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); Luo Connecting point of the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) with the Du Mai (Governing Vessel)
• zi gong (-): tonifies and warms Yuan (Original) Qi; regulates the Lower Warmer; clears Heat and transforms Damp-Heat
St-28 (-): regulates Heat Qi of the Triple Warmer, Kidney and Bladder; activates the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel); cools and clears Damp-Heat, esp. in Lower Warmer; benefits the Bladder; facilitates the Lower Warmer; seeps Water Dampness by opening Water Pathways to promote diuresis; important point for regulation of body fluids; in this region the Stomach supplies impure Qi to the Kidney via the internal duct of the Triple Warmer (Finkelstein, p. 16)
St-29 (-): regulates the Lower Warmer; promotes Qi and Xue (Blood) circulation of the Bladder and Triple Warmer; moves Qi Stagnation and Xue Yu (Blood Stasis) in the Lower Warmer; special effect on reproductive organs; stops pain
• St-30 (=): harmonizes the Xue (Blood) and Ying (Constructive) Qi; dispels Qi Stagnation and Xue Yu (Blood Stasis); treats genital problems; distributes Jing (Essence) and Yuan (Original) Qi to the genitals, Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and the five curious organs (Brain, Spine, Bones and Marrow, Gall Bladder and Uterus); palpation: if the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) is troubled St-30 will be tender to palpation (Finkelstein, p. 17); Entry point of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and the Sea of Nourishment
• St-36 (+): regulates Wei (Protective) Qi; disperses noxious Yang and brings down high fever; calms the Shen; regulates and strengthens Qi and Xue (Blood); strengthens weak and Xu (Deficient) conditions; strengthens the Spleen and replenishes the Middle Warmer; dispels and eliminates Dampness; spreads Liver Qi and benefits the Gall Bladder; nourishes the Kidney, Liver and Spleen; tonifies Kidney Yin; clears Heat from the Yang organs and drains Shi (Excess) from the Yang channels; Stomach Earth and Horary point
Sp-10 (=): clears Heat; harmonizes and tonifies Ying (Constructive) Qi; regulates and invigorates the Xue (Blood); cools Heat and transforms Damp-Heat in the Xue (Blood); nourishes Xue (Blood) Dryness; perfuses the Lower Warmer
Sp-9 (=): regulates and tonifies the Spleen (especially Yang); regulates the Water Pathways; transforms Damp Stagnation, esp. through promotion of diuresis; dispels Damp-Heat; benefits the Lower Warmer; Spleen He Sea Uniting and Water point
Sp-6 (+): pacifies the Shen; nourishes Yin, esp. of the Spleen, Liver and Kidney; clears Fire due to Xu (Deficiency); strengthens the Spleen; tonifies Qi and builds the Xue (Blood); clears and moves the Xue (Blood); transforms Xue Yu (Blood Stasis) and frees Qi Stagnation; spreads Liver Qi and suppresses Liver Heat; regulates the Gall Bladder; warms the Middle and Lower Warmers; restores circulation to the Lower Warmer; tonifies the Kidney; regulates the Bladder; transforms Dampness and Heat; facilitates diuresis; regulates the Palace of Jing (Essence) (Flaws, 1989, p. 46); mild stimulation for chronic and strong stimulation for acute prostatitis; Jiao Hui Intersecting point of the three Foot Yin channels
Sp-4 (=): pacifies the Shen; clears Heat; adjusts and strengthens the Spleen and Middle Warmer; invigorates the Xue (Blood) and regulates the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel); disperses Qi Stagnation and Xue Yu (Blood Stasis); transforms Dampness and Damp-Heat; tonifies Yuan (Original) Qi; descends the Turbid; relieves trauma to testicles and treats genital organs; Spleen Luo Connecting point; Master point of Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel); Couple point of the Yin Wei Mai (Yin Linking Vessel)
Kd-12 (=): reinforces Kidney Qi; regulates the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); helps regulate seminal emission; Jiao Hui Intersecting point of the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Foot Xiao Yin (Kidney) channel
• Kd-9 (= or +): pacifies the Shen; strengthens Yuan (Original) Qi; regulates the Yin Wei Mai (Yin Linking Vessel) and effects the Yang Wei Mai (Yang Linking Vessel); warms the Kidney; tonifies Kidney Qi, Kidney Yin and Jing (Essence); Entry point and Xi Cleft Accumulation point of the Yin Wei Mai (Yin Linking Vessel)
Kd-8 (-): regulates Qi and Xue (Blood); clears Heat; regulates the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); adjusts Qi and Xue (Blood) in the genitals; stimulates female hormones; tonifies the Kidney; regulates adrenals and Kidney Qi; regulates fluid balance and eliminates Dampness; Xi Cleft Accumulation point of Yin Qiao Mai (Yin Motility Vessel)
• Kd-7 (+): strengthens Wei (Protective) Qi; clears Heat and nourishes Yin; strengthens the Spleen and tonifies Yuan (Original) Qi; regulates Qi, esp. Kidney Qi, and restores Qi to the vessels; strengthens and enriches the Kidney; tonifies the Liver via the mother/child relationship; stimulates the adrenals, thyroid and testes; facilitates the Bladder and Water Pathways; cools and clears Damp-Heat; disperses Stagnation; strengthens the low back; Kidney Metal and Tonification point
Kd-6 (+): pacifies the Shen and stabilizes the Will; cools and clears Heat; clears Xu (Deficiency) Fire; opens the Yin Qiao Mai (Yin Motility Vessel) and regulates the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); balances excess or deficiency of any hormonal secretion and stimulates adrenals (Finkelstein, p. 53); tonifies Kidney (especially Yin); dispels Dampness; eliminates excess fluid retention and initiates diuresis; regulates the Lower Warmer; strengthens the lower back and loins; frees the channels and invigorates the collateral vessels; sedates pain; Master point and Entry point of the Yin Qiao Mai (Yin Motility Vessel); Couple point of Ren Mai (Conception Vessel)
Kd-3 (+): tonifies the Kidney, Yuan (Original) Qi, Xue (Blood) and Jing (Essence); nourishes and enriches Kidney Yin, supplies Liver Yin, and tonifies Yin of the entire body; cools and descends Heat; pacifies Xu (Deficiency) Fire; tonifies Kidney Yang and Ming Men Fire (D); reinforces the Kidney to accept Qi (Finkelstein, p. 53); stabilizes Kidney Qi; regulates the Chong Mai (Penetrating Vessel) and Ren Mai (Conception Vessel); regulates the Water Pathways; strengthens the lower back and waist; relieves pain in the bones; Kidney Yuan Source and Earth point
UB-62 (-): cools and clears Fire and Heat; clears the Shen and Heart; opens and moves the Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel); regulates the Du Mai (Governing Vessel) and benefits Du Mai (Governing Vessel) disorders; Master point of the Yang Qiao Mai (Yang Motility Vessel); Couple point of the Du Mai (Governing Vessel)
• UB-65 (-): pacifies the Shen; clears Heat and drains Shi (Excess); detoxifies the whole body; effects the prostate gland; invigorates the collateral vessels; Bladder Wood and Dispersion point
• Lv-8 (=): nourishes Liver Xue (Blood) and Yin; clears and cools Damp-Heat; frees and facilitates the Lower Warmer; benefits the Bladder; Liver He Sea Uniting, Water and Tonification point
Lv-5 (= or +): drains the Liver; spreads Liver Qi and disperses Liver Qi Stagnation; benefits the Qi; tonifies Liver and Yang; relieves Obstruction in Lower Warmer; secures Jing (Essence); tonifies and warms Fire of Life function as manifested in sexuality (Finkelstein, p. 74); regulates the function of the Bladder; benefits urogenital area and resolves Damp-Heat in the Lower Warmer; Liver Luo Connecting point
• Lv-3 (-): pacifies the Shen; clears and harmonizes the Liver and Gall Bladder; promotes smooth flow of Qi and Xue (Blood); spreads and eliminates Liver Qi Stagnation; cools and drains Heat and Fire from the Liver and Gall Bladder; tonifies Liver Xue (Blood); regulates circulation of Xue (Blood) to disperse Xue Yu (Blood Stasis) in the Lower Warmer; discharges Damp-Heat in the Lower Warmer; sedates pain; Liver Yuan Source and Earth point
• Lv-2 (-): calms the Shen and eases the Mind; clears Fire; disperses Stagnant Liver Qi; subdues Yang Shi (Excess); soothes and loosens the Liver to release Liver Qi and remove Qi Depression; cools Heat in the Xue (Blood); clears the Lower Warmer; Liver Fire and Dispersion point
• GB-34 (-): regulates Yang of the Liver and Gall Bladder; clears Dampness and cools Heat; facilitates and harmonizes the Liver; tonifies the Spleen; frees the channels and invigorates the collateral vessels; alleviates pain; Gall Bladder He Sea Uniting and Earth point
• GB-41 (-): removes Fire; harmonizes and regulates the Liver and Gall Bladder; removes Stagnancy of Liver Qi; spreads Liver Qi to reduce Stagnation of Phlegm and Xue (Blood) in the Liver channel; clears and regulates the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel); dispels Damp-Heat; Gall Bladder Wood and Horary point; Master point of the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel); Couple point of the Yang Wei Mai (Yang Linking Vessel)

ear: prostate, testicle, adrenal, shen men, kidney, endocrine, pelvic cavity, urethra, bladder


footnotes

Reprinted from The Foundations of Chinese Medicine, Maciocia, Giovanni, 1989, by permission of the publisher Churchill Livingstone, a division of Elsevier Limited.