-IBIS-1.7.6-
tx
digestive system
intestinal flora imbalance
Nutrition
dietary guidelines
eating principles:
Anti-Candida diet: Have the patient follow the diet strictly for one week, then gradually introduce new foods. Initially the patient should avoid almost all carbohydrates, especially pop, fruit juice and high glycemic index foods. Many patients benefit from eating a significant amount of meat (fish, poultry, red meat) the first week; grains only a couple of times, during this first week.
Increase Dietary Fiber: This should come primarily from vegetable sources. Psyllium, pectin, flax powder or other soluble fiber can also be added to the diet. This tends to stabilize blood sugars.
Short alkaline fast (3-7 days) (see Fasting in materia medica) followed by Vegetarian Sample Diet
therapeutic foods:
Liquid chlorophyll, alfalfa tablets, sprouts, green vegetables, carrots, dandelions, beet tops, garlic, mung beans, yogurt, acidophilus, foods that tonify the Spleen and Stomach
avoid:
Sugar in all forms, nuts, candy, processed and refined foods, fried foods, coffee and caffeine, bread made with yeast, fermented foods, soy sauce, wine, alcohol, excessive fruit especially sweet fruit, alcohol, hot sauces, spicy foods, fatty foods, rich foods, salty foods, coffee, caffeine, sweet foods
Do not use yogurt to reculture the bowel while the patient is still taking tetracycline because dairy interferes with absorption of the drug
supplements
Vitamin A 25,000-50,000 IU per day
Beta carotene 25,000 IU per day
Vitamin B-complex (Kirschmann, 1984, p. 206)
Vitamin C for anti-inflammatory action. 1-2 g per day or to bowel tolerance
Vitamin D
Vitamin E: 400-800 IU per day. A free radical scavenger with anti-inflammatory properties, vitamin E is also involved with increasing sIgA, which helps to protect mucosal lining from invading bacteria and other toxins.
Vitamin K 0.5 mg per day
Trace minerals
Calcium, 1,000-1,500 mg per day, corrects the defiiciency pattern often associated with candidal overgrowth and dysbiosis. A daily dose of 750-1,000 mg of magnesium would complement the calcium.
Selenium, 200 mcg per day, for anti-inflammatory action.
Zinc 30-60 mg per day
Probiotic flora, diverse and vigorous cultures, esp. Lactobacillus acidophilus: 1/2 tsp or 2 caps three times daily, depending on source and brand. Decreased pH in large intestine speeds transit time, re-establishes flora, and competitively inhibits growth of candida.
(Kennedy M, Volz P. Infection and Immunology 1985;49:654-663; Bennet JD, Brinkman M. Lancet 1989 Jan 21;1(8630):164.)
Antioxidants: Flavonoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, Selenium
Butyric acid: The preferred metabolic substrate for colonic epithelial cells.
(Cummings J. Gut 1981;22:763-779; Whitehead R., et al. Gut 1986;27:1457-1463.)
Bentonite clay: binds to endotoxins, preferably as colloidal suspension.
Biotin, 300 mcg daily, inhibits the pseudo-hyphae form of candida, which can be most irritating to affected membranes.
Caprylic acid, 1 gram daily, with meals. This fatty acid demonstrates anti-fungal activity and promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria.
Cysteine 250-500 mg per day
Essential Fatty Acids, 1,000-1,5000 mg twice daily or 2 tbsp per day, omega-3 (flaxseed) and omega-6 (evening primrose oil) can be combined for optimal anti-inflammatory effect:
Garlic: 3 caps three times daily for 1-2 weeks. Raw garlic is probably the most effective at inhibiting yeast growth.
Hydrochloric acid, in the form of Travacid: 3 grain tablets start with 1 before each meal. Time release HCl has a stronger effect on the pH of the lower bowel. Often HCl will increase the number of bowel movements. Can check the pH of the stool to see if it is more on the alkaline side. (Marz, p. 390, 1997.)
Kelp 5-10 tabs per day (Smith, 1983, p. 394.)
Methionine 250-500 mg per day
Oregano oil
Quercetin 500-1000 mg per day 15 minutes before meals, inhibits mast cell degranulation, decreases leukotriene synthesis (by blocking phospholipase A2 and lipoxygenase), and protects cell membranes via its antioxidant activity.
(Stefanini, et al. Lancet 1:207-208, 1986; JAMA 242:1169, 1979; Lancet June 16, 1969:1270.)
Tea tree oil
Undecylenic acid, an 11 carbon fatty acid, inhibits the growth of Candida albicans.
related drug therapies:
Nystatin: Starting dose 1/8 teaspoon three times daily. Gradually increase the dose by 1/8 teaspoon per dose every 1-2 weeks. (1/8 t = 500,000units)
Ketoconizole (Nizoral) or Itraconazole (Sporanox): 200 mg per day for 14-28 days. (Alan Gaby per R. Marz) Cauton: can be hepatotoxic.
Diflucan (fluconazole): 100mg twice daily on 1st day, then 100 mg per day for 2-4 weeks (Alan Gaby). This tends to work more systemically.
» drug interactions:
tetracycline (Achromycin, Tetra-C, Tetracyn, Tetralan, Tetram, Tropicycline):
destroys gut flora responsible for Vitamin K synthesis
cephalosporins [cefuroxime (Ceftin), cephalexin (Cefanex, Keflet, Keflex, Keftab), cefixime (Suprax), cephadroxil (Duricef, Ultracef), cephaclor (Ceclor)]:
cephalosporins reduce Vitamin K synthesis by destroying the colonic bacteria responsible for that process
footnotes
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Cummings J. Short-Chain fatty acids in the human colon. Gut 1981;22:763-779.
Abstract: It was found that 3 short chain fatty acids, butyrate, acetate, and propionate, compose a major solute fraction of fecal water. Basically they come from unabsorbed dietary carbohydrates which have been fermented. Of these three fatty acids, butyrate is the single biggest metabolite of fiber. It has been shown that several cell types in the colon used butyrate to help induce differentiation.
de dios Pozo-Olano J, Warram JH Jr, Gomez RG, Cavazos MG. Effect of a lactobacilli preparation on traveler's diarrhea. A randomized, double blind clinical trial. Gastroenterology 1978;74:829-830.
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Dolgushina VF. [The immunocorrective properties of bacterial preparations (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin) and bemitil in pregnant women with a urogenital infection.] Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991;4:56-58. [Article in Russian]
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Fredricsson B, Englund K, Nord CE, Weintraub L. Could bacterial vaginosis be due to the competitive suppression of lactobacilli by aerobic microorganisms? Gynecol Obstet Invest 1992;33:119-123.
Fukushima Y, Kawata Y, Hara H, Terada A, Mitsuoka T. Effect of a probiotic formula on intestinal immunoglobulin A production in healthy children. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 Jun 30;42(1-2):39-44.
Abstract: The anti-infectious effect of probiotics has recently been reported and one mechanism may be the non-specific stimulation of immunity. This study was performed to elucidate the influence of a probiotic formula on intestinal microflora and local immunity in healthy children. A follow-up formula containing viable bifidobacteria was given to seven healthy Japanese children (15 to 31 months old) for 21 days. During intake of the formula, the administered strain was detected in feces from five subjects (71%) and total fecal bifidobacteria slightly increased. Fecal levels of total IgA and anti-poliovirus IgA during intake of the formula were significantly higher than those before intake (P < 0.05). The increase in local IgA levels resulting from ingestion of the probiotic formula may contribute to enhancement of the mucosal resistance against gastrointestinal infections.
Fuller R, Gibson GR. Modification of the intestinal microflora using probiotics and prebiotics. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1997;222:28-31.
Abstract: Probiotics and prebiotics modulate the composition of the human gut microbiota. The beneficial effects may result from suppression of harmful microorganisms or stimulation of organisms which contribute in a positive way to the nutrition and health of the host. Both types of supplement represent an attempt to reconstitute the gut flora to its normal composition which has been adversely affected by dietary and environmental stresses.
Fuller R. Probiotics in human medicine. Gut 1991 Apr;32(4):439-442. (Review).
Gismondo MR, Lo Bue AM, Chisari G, et al. Competitive activity of a bacterial preparation on colonization and pathogenicity of C. pylori. A clinical study. Clin Ter 1990;134:41-46. [Article in Italian]
Guarino A, Canani RB, Spagnuolo MI, Albano F, Di Benedetto L. Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and of viral excretion in children with mild diarrhea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1997 Nov;25(5):516-519.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Oral administration of live Lactobacillus casei strain GG is associated with the reduction of duration of diarrhea in children admitted to the hospital because of diarrhea. The purposes of this work were to investigate the clinical efficacy of oral administration of Lactobacillus in children with mild diarrhea who were observed as outpatients, and to see whether Lactobacillus GG can reduce the duration of rotavirus excretion. METHODS: Duration of diarrhea was recorded in 100 children seen by family pediatricians and randomly assigned to receive oral rehydration or oral rehydration followed by the administration of lyophilized Lactobacillus casei, strain GG. Rotavirus was looked for in the stools of all children and in those in whom results were positive, stools were examined again 6 days after the onset of diarrhea. RESULTS: In 61 children results were positive for rotavirus and in 39 results were negative. Duration of diarrhea was reduced from 6 to 3 days in children receiving Lactobacillus GG, with a similar pattern in rotavirus-positive and -negative children. Six days after the onset of diarrhea, stools in only 4 out of 31 children that received Lactobacillus GG were positive for rotavirus compared with positive findings in 25 out of 30 control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Oral administration of Lactobacillus GG is effective in rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative ambulatory children with diarrhea. Furthermore, it reduces the duration of rotavirus excretion.
Hayatsu, H, Hayatsu, T. Suppressing effect of Lactobacillus casei administration on the urinary mutagenicity arising from ingestion of fried ground beef in the human. Cancer Lett 1993;73:173-179.
Hillier, SL, Krohn, MA, Rabe, LK, et al. The normal vaginal flora, H2O2 producing Lactobacilli and bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16 Suppl 4:S273-S281.
Hilton, E, Isenberg, HD, Alperstein, P, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacilli acidophilus as prophylaxis for candidal vaginitis. Ann Intern Med 1992;116:353-357.
Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Snel J, Schillinger U, Huis in't Veld JH. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 May 26;41(2):85-101. (Review)
Abstract: Scientific developments in recent years have opened new frontiers and enable a better understanding of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as a complex and delicately balanced ecosystem. This paper focuses on more recent information related to the microbial population of the GIT and its functional role in human physiology and health. Special attention is also given to modern approaches for improving or stabilising the intestinal system and its functioning by the deliberate application of viable microbial cultures, so-called 'probiotics', selected for special functional properties.
Isolauri, E, Juntumen, M, Rautanen, T, et al. A human Lactobacillus strain (Lactobacillus casei sp strain GG) promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Pediatrics 1991;88:90-97.
Jahn, HU, Ullrich, R, Schneider, T, et al. Immunological and trophical effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on the small intestine in healthy human volunteers. Digestion 1996;57:95-104.
Kasper H. Protection against gastrointestinal diseases--present facts and future developments. Int J Food Microbiol 1998 May 26;41(2):127-131.
Abstract: The importance of the intestinal microflora and, more specifically its composition, in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human GIT is becoming more evident. Examples of such processes are translocation, the production and resorption of endotoxins, immune-modulation, and colonic motility. This leads to new possibilities for prevention and therapy of diseases, mainly of the gastrointestinal organs. New discoveries are specifically related to the beneficial effects of lactobacilli which have been discussed for decades. It is possible to increase the proportion of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal microflora by consumption of fermented dairy products or by oral administration of specific non-digestible substrates such as oligofructose. Results from clinical trials and scientific studies have confirmed the preventive and therapeutic effects of selected strains of lactobacilli in viral- and bacterial-induced intestinal infections, in positively influencing immunological parameters, in normalizing the intestinal motility, and in inhibiting metabolic events in the gut lumen which promote colonic carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, there are still unresolved issues which can only be answered by well designed and well controlled clinical trials.
Kennedy, M. and Volz, P. Ecology of Candida albicans gut colonization: Inhibition of Candida adhesion, colonization, and dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract by bacterial antagonism. Infection & Immunology 49:654-663, 1985. Abstract: Increased indigenous microflora reduced the mucosal association of C. albicans by forming a dense layer of bacteria in the mucus gut, out-competing yeast cells for adhesion sites, and producing inhibitor substances (possibly volatile fatty acids, secondary bile acids or both) that reduced C. albicans adhesion.
Kirchhelle, A, Fruhwein, N, Toburen, D. Treatment of persistent diarrhea with S. boulardii in returning travelers. Results of a prospective study. Fortschr Med 1996;114:136-140.
Klein, SM, Elmer, GW, McFarland, LV, et al. Recovery and elimination of the biotherapeutic agent, Saccharomyces boulardii, in healthy human volunteers. Pharm Res 1993;10:1615-1619.
Kollaritsch, H, Holst, H, Grobara, P, Wiedermann, G. Prevention of traveler's diarrhea with Saccharomyces boulardii. Results of a placebo controlled double-blind study. Fortschr Med 1993;111:152-156.
Korshunov, VM, Kafarskaia, LI, Volodin, NN, Tarabrina, NP. The correction of dysbiotic disorders of the vaginal microflora by using a preparation made from highly adhesive lactobacteria. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990;7:17-19.[Article in Russian]
Korshunov, VM, Sinitsyna, NA, Ginodman, GA, Pinegin, BV. Correction of intestinal microflora in chemotherapeutic dysbacteriosis using bifidobacterial and lactobacterial autologous strains. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1985;9:20-25. [Article in Russian]
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Lankaputhra WE, Shah NP. Antimutagenic properties of probiotic bacteria and of organic acids. Mutat Res 1998 Feb 2;397(2):169-182.
Abstract: Antimutagenic activities of live and killed cells of 6 strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 9 strains of bifidobacteria and of organic acids usually produced by these probiotic bacteria were determined using 8 potent chemical mutagens and promutagens. The mutagens and promutagens used were N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine; 2-nitroflourene; 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine; 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide; Aflatoxin-B; 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazoquinoline; 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo (4,5-b) pyridine, and 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido (3,3-6) indole. The mutagenicity of these mutagens and antimutagenic activity of probiotic bacteria against the mutagens were determined according to the Ames TA-100 assay using a mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. Efficiency of bacterial cells in binding or inhibiting these mutagens was also investigated. Live cells of probiotic bacteria showed higher antimutagenic activity and their efficiency in inhibiting the mutagens was better than killed bacterial cells. Live bacterial cells bound or inhibited the mutagens permanently, whereas killed bacteria released mutagens upon extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide. Among the organic acids, butyric acid showed highest inhibition of mutagens followed by acetic acid. Lactic and pyruvic acids did not show appreciable levels of inhibition.
Larsen, B. Vaginal flora in health and disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1993;36:107-121.
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Levy J. Immunonutrition: the pediatric experience. Nutrition 1998 Jul;14(7-8):641-647. Abstract: The health benefits of specific nutrients in the diet are reviewed as they pertain to the pediatric population and its unique needs. Secretory immunoglobulins, lysozyme, interferon, and growth factors, among others, are known to confer immunological advantages to breast milk. Inhibition of bacterial pathogens, as well as permissive growth of a protective colonic ecoflora occur as a result of various cellular and biochemical mechanisms at play. The immunomodulatory properties of minerals such as iron, zinc, and selenium, are presented and the newly recognized protective role of vitamin A and its importance in developing countries and in conditions of compromised nutrition are discussed. The review also covers the role of arginine, glutamine, and nucleotides in adaptive responses of the developing gut and in pathologic states such as necrotizing enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics (specific microbial feeds with potential benefits to the host), and prebiotics (dietary components such as complex carbohydrates able to change the colonic microenvironment fostering colonization with non-enteropathogens) are areas of current interest because they offer alternatives for the management of the growing problem of multiple antibiotic resistance and overwhelming infections in the hospitalized patient.
Litiaeva, LA. The effect of a combination of immune and bacterial preparations on the microbial ecology of pregnant women in a risk group. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 1993;1:19-22. [Article in Russian].
Lodinova-Zadnikova R, Sonnenborn U, Tlaskalova H. Probiotics and E.coli infections in man. Vet Q 1998;20(3 Suppl 3):S78-S81.
Abstract: After oral administration of live oral vaccines COLINFANT and MUTAFLOR prepared from non-enteropathogenic E.coli strains, both strains colonized effectively the intestine in full-term and preterm infants and remained for many weeks showing, that they were capable to establish themselves as a resident strain in the infant's gut. The presence of E.coli stimulated significantly antibody production in gut, saliva and serum of colonized infants. An early induction of secretory IgA production is important particularly in formula-fed infants, where it partly replaces the lacking immunoglobulin supplied with mother milk. In full-term and premature infants the early presence of non-pathogenic E.coli strains in the intestine decreased significantly the presence of pathogenic bacterial strains in the intestine but also other mucosal surfaces of the body. The COLINFANT strain decreased the number of nosocomial infections, mortality rate in connection with infection, and the need for antibiotics. Both strains replaced successfully pathogenic strains in carriers after treatment with antibiotics.
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Malin, M, Suomalainen, H, Saxelin, M, Isolauri, E. Promotion of IgA immune response in patients with Crohn's disease by oral bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus GG. Ann Nutr Metab 1996;40:137-145.
Masycheva VI, Danilenko ED, Pustoshilova NM, Beliavskaia VA. [Design of stimulating agents of non-specific resistance system]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1998;4:13-17. [Article in Russian] (Review)
Abstract: The paper briefly reviews a study on the design of drugs enhancing the body's nonspecific resistance to pathogenic agents. To examine the potential regulatory effects on cytokine function was a main trend. The interferon inductor ridostin, dsRNA of microbiological origin, cytokines, as well as the recombinant probiotic strain yielding interferon alpha-2 synthesis were used as a pharmacological agent. This was shown by using a wide range of experimental models wherein these preparations activated the components of the non-specific resistance system resulting in the host's increased capacity to eliminate invasive agents and transformed cells.
McFarland, LV, Elmer GW. Biotherapeutic agents: past, present and future. Microecology Ther 1995;23:46-73.
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Note: Nystatin was discovered by 2 women scientists, Rachel Brown, an organic chemist, and Elizabeth Lee Hazen, a mold researcher working for the New York State Department of Health. Hazen found many antifungal substances in the soil, but many of them were toxic. Finally, while vacationing, Hazen dug up a mold which knocked out other yeasts and molds without harming animals. Squibb and Sons met with Hazen and Brown and patented the new yeast fighting mold. They named it NY-State-in in honor of the New York State Dept. of Health. It was also agreed that royalties were to be put in a special Brown-Hazen scientific and educational fund.put in a special Brown-Hazen scientific and educational fund.